Department of Biological Sciences
California
State
University,
Sacramento
Spring Semester, 2008
The day when
students first enter the dissecting room is the time they put their hands to
the task which others dread and join the company of those who have laid aside
the deepest fears and prejudices of mankind, to seek in the dead bodies of
their fellows some increase of knowledge wherewith to fight the ignorance and
disease that laid them low. As you
undertake this work, you will be engaging in one of the oldest of sciences and
following a tradition of twenty-five centuries.
C.W. Corner Clio
Anatomy
Instructor:
Winston C.
Lancaster, Ph.D., Associate Professor
Office: 211D
Humboldt Hall
phone: (916) 278
6360
email:
wlancaster@csus.edu
website:
http://www.csus.edu/indiv/L/lancasterw/
office
hours: 13:30-15:00, Monday; 10:30-12:00 Wednesday, or by appointment
Lecture: Tuesday and Thursday, 9:00
– 10:15, 456 Sequoia Hall
Lab: Sect. 2 Tues. & Thurs., 10:30 – 11:45, 207 Humboldt Hall
Sect. 3 Tues. & Thurs., 13:30 – 14:45, 207 Humboldt HallSect. 4 Tues. & Thurs., 15:00 – 16:15, 207 Humboldt Hall (instructor: Dr. Diane Hardin)
1. This course will acquaint you with the gross
(visible) structure of the human body.
Upon
completion of this course, you should be able to identify the components of the
skeletal and muscular systems and the visceral organs. For each component, you should be able to
demonstrate verbally and with diagrams the nervous innervation, blood supply
and three-dimensional relationships (proximity) to other organs, bones and
muscles. You should understand the
structure, function, innervation and blood supply of the special sensory
organs. You should know the organization
and basic function of the peripheral nervous system, including the functional
subdivisions into the motor, sensory and autonomic systems.
2. This course will acquaint you with anatomical
terminology and the geography of
the body.
In
addition to the names of structures, you should know also the terminology of
position, orientation and movement. Part
of the terminology of position includes knowledge of superficial landmarks of
the body. You should be able to describe
the position of organs and other structures in terms of these landmarks as well
as schemes of organization that do not relate directly to surface landmarks.
3. This course will serve as your introduction
to normal radiologic anatomy.
Upon
completing this course, you should understand the basic terminology of
plane-film radiology, be able to identify normal structures and understand the
relationships between structures.
The study of prosected donor
bodies is the fundamental learning experiences of this course. Lectures are intended to help you organize
the material studied in lab and place it in a conceptual framework. All material, whether covered in lecture, lab
or assigned reading may appear on an exam.
Every student is expected to attend lab and participate in laboratory
exercises. The body is most practically
studied by region rather than by systems.
The course will be divided into three regional segments. The first
segment will concentrate on musculoskeletal anatomy beginning with the back,
and vertebral column followed by the upper limb and lower limb. The second section will cover the structures
of the thorax, abdomen, pelvis and perineum, and the final section will cover
the head and neck. Each laboratory
session will have a list of specific objectives that will be posted on the
course website. These objectives will be
met by preparation prior to lab, the study of osteology and radiology in
addition to the study of prosected material.
A schedule of laboratories, lectures and examinations is attached and is
available online.
Lectures in Anatomy will not consist of a recitation of
structures. They will be conceptual and
functional in nature and focus on complex relationships between structure and
function that draw upon sources beyond your textbook and atlas. As such, attendance at lectures is not a
substitute for reading the textbook and vice versa.
The syllabus and schedule for this course are a plan that
will be followed as closely as possible.
They do not, however, constitute a contract. Changes to the course schedule and other
important information will be posted on the course website which may be
accessed through the instructor’s homepage or distributed via the Web CT E-mail function.
Clinically Oriented Anatomy, 5th ed., Moore and
Dalley, 2006, Lippincott Williams
& Wilkins.
Atlas of Human Anatomy, 4th ed., Netter, 2006, Elsevier.
(earlier editions are acceptable)
Course Website
The course website can be accessed through the instructor’s
homepage: http://www.csus.edu/indiv/L/lancasterw/.
There you will
find outlines for each lecture and the objectives for each laboratory exercise.
Students are expected to review the objectives prior to each laboratory
session, read the assigned material and be familiar with the expectations for
that lab exercise. The course website
will also provide supplementary materials to aid the study of anatomy.
Web CT
The Web CT system will be used for required activities in this
course. This requires every student to
have an active SacLink account which may be opened online (www.saclink.csus.edu) or by
visiting the SacLink office, AIRC. Any student who has not
opened a SacLink account by 5PM on 8 February 2008 will be dropped from the course. Students are responsible for being able to use
Web CT. If you are not familiar with the
use of Web CT, please contact the instructor and an orientation will be arranged.
Web CT will be
used for three course functions:
Weekly quizzes will be
administered online using Web CT. Quizzes
will be available from 12:05AM until 11:55 PM every Tuesday, starting on 5 February. Quizzes will have a time limit. They are available one day only and can only
be taken once.
The Human Anatomy Video Library is a series of
dissection tutorials by CSUS Professor Rose Leigh Vines that is available over
Web CT. These study tapes cover the body
by region and are an invaluable resource for preparation and study. A set of videotapes is also available on
reserve at the Library Media Center and another set may be checked out from the
instructor for use in the lab.
Course Communication
is available through the Web CT function. Students may pose questions to the instructor
using this feature and responses may be directed to the individual, or the
entire class. Changes in the schedule or other important announcements will be
made using the Web CT E-mail function.
Lab Fee:
$10.00; pay in Lassen Hall by
22 February. Checks may be left in the
drop box; confirmation will be sent to the instructor. Take cash payment to a cashier and return the
stamped sheet to the instructor. Students
who have not paid the lab fee by the deadline will have a hold placed on their
schedule.
Performance in this course
will be evaluated by three written examinations, four laboratory practicals,
twelve weekly quizzes and a grade on laboratory activities. The point values for all evaluation exercises
are listed below. The first exam will
follow sections on the musculoskeletal segment of the course, the second after
thorax, abdomen and pelvis and the third will be on the head and neck. Refer to the course schedule for the dates of
all the tests. Exams will be mostly in
the multiple choice format, but will also include short answer and discussion
questions. Lecture exams will not be
comprehensive, although conceptual content of questions may rely upon material
covered earlier in the course. Students
should come to exams with a No. 882 Scantron sheet and a soft lead pencil. The third exam will be given at the time
scheduled for the final exam along with a comprehensive essay test on concepts
of anatomy. Information on, and topics
for the comprehensive portion will be distributed near the end of the
course. Laboratory practicals will
consist exclusively of identification of structures on bones, in dissections
and radiographs, and also will not be comprehensive. Weekly quizzes will be given online every
Tuesday (except for the days following exams).
They will cover the material of the preceding week and will consist of
10 questions. Ten of the twelve quizzes
will count toward your grade. Eighty
points will be based on lab presentations (discussed below). Twenty points will be assessed based upon
students’ cooperation with maintenance of the lab and materials.
Lecture exams and the
comprehensive final will count 100 points each (400 points). Each practical will count 50 points (200),
each quiz 10 points (100) and the lab grade will count 100 points for a course
total of 800 points. Final letter grades
will be based on the following scale:
A³720; B = 719-640; C =
639-560; D = 559-480; F<480.
Laboratory Presentations
Within each lab section, students
will be assigned to teams of two for the purposes of lab presentations. Each team will give two presentations during
the semester which will consist of a summary of the material to be covered in
the lab that day; a laboratory grade will be assigned for the quality of the
presentation. Students are expected to prepare
the presentation prior to the
laboratory session for which it is scheduled.
Students are expected to arrange a time with the instructor for
direction. In the first 15 minutes of
that session, the designated team will give their presentation to the entire
laboratory, demonstrating all the required structures. The instructor and teaching assistant will
demonstrate examples of presentations.
Presentations will count 80 points toward your final grade.
Policy on Make-up
of Graded Exercises
It is in the best interest
of students that all tests be taken at the scheduled time. A student who anticipates that he or she may
be unable to take an exam or practical at the scheduled time should make every
effort to inform the instructor prior to the
beginning of the exam by a phone message (either to the instructor’s
voice mail or to the office of the Department of Biological Sciences, 278
6535), by email or in person. Make-up
tests will be given only upon documentation of a valid reason for missing the
exam. A make-up may take the form of a
multiple choice, discussion and/or an oral exam at the discretion of the
instructor. Make-up practicals will take
the form of an oral or computer-based test at the discretion of the
instructor. A grade of 0 will be
recorded for any exams that are not made up.
Missed weekly quizzes may not be made up.
Academic dishonesty in any form will not be tolerated.
Violators
will be subject to removal from the course (resulting in a grade of F), and
disciplinary action as described in the University catalog and in the University
Policy Manual (http://www.csus.edu/admbus/umanual/UMA00150.htm).
Grades are final and
non-negotiable.
Changes are made only on account
of error.
There will be no assignments for
extra credit.
COURSE POLICIES
Dropping & Adding
Students may drop this
course at any time in the first two weeks of class through CASPER. After 8 February, drops must be processed
through the departmental office with the signature of both the instructor and the departmental
chair. These drops must be processed by 22
February. Drops after that time require
a written petition to the Dean and will only be considered for serious and
compelling reasons. Students who miss
three labs without informing the instructor will be administratively dropped
from the class.
Courtesy in Lecture
Students
are expected to refrain for distracting others during lecture. The use of cellular phones, wireless internet or
any other remote communication devices is not allowed during lecture or
laboratory. Students are requested to
turn off any such devices upon entering the lecture hall or laboratory. Students are not allowed to make video, or
any pictorial recordings during lecture.
Audio recording of lectures may be made with permission of the
instructor. Persons that violate these
rules will be asked to leave.
Students are expected to take a respectful and professional
approach to the laboratory. The anatomy
laboratory is small, and cannot accommodate more than the number of students registered
for a lab section. Therefore, everyone
must attend only the lab section in which he or she is registered. The laboratory contains hazardous chemicals,
and sharp instruments may be in use.
Boisterous behavior will not be tolerated. Students are expected to help keep the
laboratory clean and neat. Small pieces
of tissue should be placed in the designated tissue-waste container, along with
any paper towels soiled with fat or fluid.
Material that falls to the floor should be collected and disposed. The tissue-waste container is not for general
trash. After each lab, the edges of the
tables should be wiped and reference books should be returned to the cabinet. A small portion of the laboratory grade
(approximately 20 points) will be derived from students’ cooperation with
maintenance of the lab and materials.
Cameras of any type are not
allowed in the laboratory at any time.
Visitors are not permitted
in the laboratory unless they have a clear professional interest, and then only
with prior consent of the instructor.
Radios, televisions and
other entertainment devices are not permitted in the laboratory.
Every effort is made to reduce the hazards of working with
donor bodies and dissection, but it is incumbent on students to be aware of the
hazards that are unavoidable and to exercise proper precautions to safeguard
health and safety. Every student is
responsible for his/her own safety and must complete a laboratory safety
awareness form.
· Prospective
donor bodies are screened for disease, and are rejected if there is reason to
believe that the individual may have suffered from any of the following
illnesses: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (AIDS virus), Hepatitis B, Hepatitis C,
Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease, Kuru, Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis, Multiple
Sclerosis, Tuberculosis;
· Few microbes
are able to survive the embalming process, and fewer still survive in fixed
bodies that have been used for several years.
· Your primary
hazards are slippery floors and chemical exposure. Common sense must be
exercised
and measures must be taken to protect
yourself.
· Lockers
in the hallway next to the laboratory are reserved for the use of anatomy
students. Select a
locker, place a lock on it and sign the
locker check-out list in the office of the Department of
Biological Sciences, Sequoia 202.
· Students are
required to wear a clean laboratory coat
with name tag at all times in the anatomy
laboratory.
Coats should be washed regularly.
· Sandals and
open-toed shoes are not allowed in lab. You may want to keep shoes for lab in a
locker.
· Safety glasses must be worn in the laboratory at all times.
· Gloves will be
provided and must be worn at all times while handling fixed anatomical
material.
· Students are advised not to wear contact lenses into
the anatomy laboratory as fumes from the
embalming
fluid can sometimes damage lenses and irritate the eyes.
· Scalpel blades must never be discarded in the trash. They
should only be disposed in the sharps-box.
· Any injury, no
matter how minor must be reported to the instructor. An eye-wash and first-aid
kit are
available in the lab.
· Rarely, a
student may find him/herself to be sensitive to the embalming or moistening fluids. This is
usually indicated by one or more symptoms,
including headache, asthma, persistent tearing or skin
rash.
If you experience any of these symptoms in relation to your time in the
laboratory you should
consult the instructor.
· Eating, drinking and use of tobacco products are not allowed in the laboratory at any time.
Skeletal material, textbooks and radiographs are provided in
the laboratory and may not be removed.
Please do not handle these materials with dirty gloves. Special tools will also be made available for
specific labs. When you have used these
tools, clean them and return them to the work counter.
The bodies available for
study and dissection were obtained from individuals who donated their bodies in
the hope that their remains would be used for education and research. Anatomy laboratories and the bodies within
them must be treated with the greatest respect.
These regulations are set forth with this in mind:
· The persons who
bequeathed their remains for the benefit of your education have entirely
surrendered their corporeal privacy.
They retain, however, the right of anonymity. Respect their right to confidentiality.
· Anatomical
material may never be taken from the dissecting laboratory. Any violation of this regulation will be
regarded as a serious offense, the penalties of which may include legal prosecution and dismissal from this course.
· Beyond the
intrinsic value of human remains for study, the preparation of prosected
anatomical material represents hundreds of hours of labor. These bodies must be treated with the utmost
care and delicacy.
· Further dissection on prosected bodies is strictly
forbidden except under the express direction of the instructor.
· Human skeletal
material, like the fixed donor bodies, represents human remains and must be
treated with equal respect. This
material is fragile and costly to replace.
Students are expected to handle skeletal material with care; keep it
clean (do not handle bones with dirty gloves), never mark on it or use steel
instruments as pointers and never remove it from the laboratory.
· Donor bodies must be
properly maintained. The relentless
foes of the anatomist are drying and mold; either can render an area or an
entire body valueless for study. Drying can be prevented by keeping the body
moist while studying, and within its plastic bag with all areas covered with
wet cloths when not being studied. A special wetting fluid with a mold
inhibitor is provided for this; do not use tap water. Uncover only those areas to be
examined or dissected. During the
intervals between labs the bodies should be covered with wet cloths and the
plastic sheets should be carefully tucked under the body to prevent drying. The
zippered bag should be closed. Any mold or suspicion of mold
should be promptly reported to the instructor. Without immediate attention,
mold can rapidly spread to the entire body and to other donor bodies in the
room.
· While you are
studying a specimen, apply moistening fluid every 20 minutes.
· Never leave a body uncovered that is not in use.
Access to the
Laboratory
It is understood that access
to the lab outside scheduled times is necessary, however, access can only be
available when the instructor or a TA is in the lab or nearby. The anatomy laboratory is equipped with a Locknetics electronic locking
system. All students enrolled in BIO122
are eligible to be issued a Tek key that will allow access to the lab from
8:00-12:00, 13:00-17:00, Monday through Friday.
Students
may collect their keys on or after Friday 4 February at the Key Issue Office in
the Facilities Management Building (278 6421; just west of the Student Health
Center). A CSUS One Card will be
required, and students should request a Tek key for 207 Humboldt Hall.
This
level of access to the anatomy lab has been a great success. Its continuation is contingent upon strict
adherence to the rules of the lab as presented in the course syllabus. Abuse of this privilege may result in its
revocation. Therefore it is the
responsibility of all students to insure that access for study continues. In addition to the rules for use of the lab,
the following policies govern access out of lab time:
· The Locknetics system has a memory chip
that records the specific Tek key used for entry and the time. Therefore, if any problem is found in the
lab, the last individual that entered may be held responsible. Understand that if you allow other students
to enter when you open the room, you may be held accountable for their actions.
· The lab is open only for the hours that
keys are active: 8:00-12:00, 13:00-17:00, Monday through Friday. You are expected to leave the lab during the
lunch hour and at 5:00PM.
Access to the lab at any other time will only be available by
arrangement with the instructor or TA.
· In case of emergency you should contact:
Dr. Lancaster in 211D
Humboldt Hall.
Any other member of
faculty in the 211Humboldt Hall office suite.
Dr. Lancaster by cell
phone (947 2143).
Office of the Department
of Biological Sciences (278 6535).
This
information is posted on the lab bulletin board.
Use the red
telephone in the hallway.
It is
understood that Dr. Lancaster’s cell phone will be called only in the event of
emergency.
· Student access to the lab will be blocked
at 16:00 on days prior to a practical exam.
· Individual Tek keys will be deactivated
in the following circumstances:
Students
that drop the course.
Students
that violate policies of access.
Students
that violate established rules of the lab.
In the
event of serious violations, all student access will be blocked.
All student keys will be
set to deactivate at 17:00 on 16 May 2007.
· This
access is a privilege that may be revoked if abused.
SUPPLEMENTARY COURSE MATERIALS
Self-evaluation Exams
Self-evaluation exam questions are
posted on the course website for each region to be studied. It is suggested that these exams be taken
after each region is completed; students with grades of below 70% are advised to
seek assistance from the instructor.
Radiology
Radiographs (“X-rays”) will be available for study
during this course. Although they will
seldom be the subject of formal presentation, you are required to be able to
identify basic anatomical structures on them.
Radiographs will be posted in the laboratory and students are encouraged
ask questions about them at any time.
They may also be used in conjunction with dissection presentations. By studying radiographs it is hoped that
students will be able to translate three-dimensional observations and knowledge
into a two-dimensional plane and vice-versa.
SUGGESTED APPROACH TO THE
LABORATORY
Prior to class read through the Laboratory
Objectives posted on the course website and study the appropriate section of
the textbook and atlas. Always
concentrate on the objectives. Give
special attention to the section in the objectives labeled PRELAB PREPARATION. View the Human Anatomy Video for that region.
Keep up with the material every week. If
you wait to study until the week before the exam, your chances of success are
poor.
Prior
to each lab, study materials that can easily be done outside of the
laboratory. If you have difficulty
understanding any anatomical concept write it down and discuss it with your laboratory
partner, teaching assistant or instructor.
When several students have the same problem it will be advantageous to
arrange for a discussion of the topic in small groups with your instructor, or
post the question on the Web CT Anatomy E-mail site.
Plan
to spend a significant amount of your study time reviewing the material with
other students in small or large groups.
Talk to each other and be able to express yourself using correct
anatomical terms as much as possible; continuous use of terms (actually saying
them) will make them easier to remember.
Pretend
that you are the teacher or that you must explain the anatomical organization
of an area to another student. This
encourages organization. Partners should
ask each other questions; this tests your knowledge.
Review
each laboratory and attempt to visualize the dissection in your mind layer by
layer. This helps in the development of
3-D visualization. Another method with
osteological material is to close your eyes and then palpate and name all the
different parts and their functional significance and relationships.
STUDY GROUPS
Study groups are a vital part of learning gross anatomy. Organize a study group early! This is a new language and languages are
learned by speaking. Ask questions to
one another as this will help you identify areas where you need to concentrate.
DO NOT try to study exclusively by
yourself or attempt to memorize everything.
Few students can succeed with such a strategy. Focus on organizing the fundamental concepts
and material first (name, function, innervation, blood supply) and then build
on these.