Fall 1998 NAME____________________________________
BIO 12 PLANT BIOLOGY
LECTURE EXAM 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Mark the correct answer on your scantron form. Only one answer is correct. (2 pts.--60 pts.)
1. Members of the Division/Phylum Zygomycota are best known for being
A. plant pathogens.
B. human parasites
C. molds of bread and other foods.
D. wood decaying fungi.
2. A role lichens play in ecosystems is as
A. organisms which carry on most of the photosynthesis in the ecosystem.
B. pioneer species which are important in soil formation.
C. heterotrophic organisms which digest photosynthetic organisms.
D. saprotrophic organisms which decay dead organisms.
3. A way in which members of the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes) have a positive impact on (or are beneficial to) people is their use
A. as diaper material.
B. in the production of beer.
C. as hallucinogenic (recreational) fungi.
D. in the production of soy sauce.
4. The feeding stage of members of the Division/Phylum Basidiomycota
A. can be both 1N and 1N + 1N.
B. is septate but has pores in the cross walls large enough for nuclei to pass through.
C. is coenocytic and has 2N nuclei.
D. is called the tertiary mycelium.
5. Sphagnum (Division/Phylum Bryophyta)
A. lives in bog environment which has a pH of 9.
B. is used as fuel in some treeless regions of the world.
C. is used in gardening because it decreases the amount of water soil will hold.
D. bogs cover 20% of the earth’s surface.
6. Which of the following is not a general characteristic of fungi (Kingdom Fungi)?
A. Fungi are heterotrophic and digest food internally.
B. The feeding stage of fungi usually consists of hyphae which form a mass called a mycelium.
C. Fungi feeding stages have a high surface to volume ratio.
D. Fungi store food as glycogen.
7. Members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota are commonly found
A. in aquatic environments.
B. on rocks in the Sierra Nevada.
C. on bread left on top of refrigerators.
D. in yards in Sacramento.
8. Feeding stage hyphae of members of the Division/Phylum Basidiomycota resemble those of members of the Division/Phylum Ascomycota in that they
A. are 2N.
B. form antheridia and archegonia when a hypha of the opposite mating type is close by.
C. are coenocytic.
D. are septate.
9. Which of the following is not a means for spore dispersal among the members of the Division/Phylum Basidiomycota?
A. Dogs or pigs dig up the underground reproductive structure and disperse the spores by passing the spores through their digestive tracts.
B. Raindrops splash peridioles containing spores out of splash cups.
C. Flies disperse spores.
D. Spores are wind dispersed.
10. The gametophyte of members of the Division/Phylum Hepatophyta
A. may be "leafy".
B. always has a dorsal groove.
C. always is a flattened thallus.
D. may have conducting cells.
11. A plant disease caused by members of the Division/Phylum Oomycota is
A. chestnut blight.
B. potato blight.
C. corn smut.
D. rye ergot.
12. Lichen are not placed into a Kingdom because
A. their cells contain nuclei but no membrane bound organelles.
B. they are a composite of organisms belonging to two or three Kingdoms and/or Domains.
C. , as an organism, they obtain food by both internal digestion and photosynthesis.
D. they form no asexual reproductive structures.
13. In members of the Division/Phylum Hepatophyta, the function of scales is
A. to anchor the gametophyte.
B. to form fragments for asexual reproduction.
C. to absorb and hold water.
D. hygroscopic spore dispersal.
14. Some members of the Division/Phylum Basidiomycota
A. are used for flavoring cheeses.
B. are mycorrhizal fungi.
C. cause athlete’s foot.
D. include molds which cause food spoilage.
15. It is possible to distinguish between Aspergillus and Penicillium because
A. Aspergillus produces an ascoma (ascocarp) and Penicillium produces a basidioma (basidiocarp).
B. the top of the Aspergillus conidiophore is rounded and that of Penicillium is brush-shaped.
C. Aspergillus has hyphae which have clamp connections and those of Penicillium do not.
D. Aspergillus produces apothecia and Penicillium produces perithecia.
16. During sexual reproduction in the Division/Phylum Ascomycota
A. meiosis occurs in the ascogonium.
B. karyogamy, meiosis, and mitosis occur in the ascus.
C. karyogamy occurs when the trichogyne fuses with the ascogonium.
D. the ascoma (ascocarp) is formed from 2N hyphae which arise from the ascogonium.
17. Which of the following is not a way in which members of the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes) negatively affect (or harm) people?
A. They can be used as biological warfare agents.
B. They cause skin diseases such as ring worm.
C. They cause ergotism (St. Anthony’s Fire).
D. They can be pathogens which affect people with compromised immune systems such as those who have had chemotherapy or organ transplants.
18. A way in which members of the Division/Phylum Bryophyta are different from the members of the Division/Phylum Hepatophyta is that
A. the gametophytes of the Bryophyta are flattened and those of the Hepatophyta are three-dimensional.
B. the gametophytes of the Bryophyta have no conducting cells and those of the Hepatophyta have conducting cells.
C. the sporophytes of the Bryophyta are more complex than those of the Hepatophyta.
D. the sporophytes of the Bryophyta are entirely independent of the gametophyte and those of the Hepatophyta are parasitic on the gametophyte.
19. Members of the Division/Phylum Oomycota differ from members of the Kingdom Fungi in that members of the Oomycota
A. resemble other eukaryotes in the details of mitosis, and the Fungi do not.
B. digest food externally instead of internally as the Fungi do.
C. have no motile reproductive cells as the Fungi do.
D. lack oogamy which is found in the Fungi.
20. The hymenium layer of Peziza (cup fungus)
A. consists of basidia only.
B. consists of asci and paraphyses.
C. is located within a flask-shaped ascoma.
D. is where plasmogamy and karyogamy occur.
21. The universal veil
A. covers the sporangium of members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota.
B. covers the oospores of members of the Division/Phylum Oomycota.
C. covers the button stage of the basidioma (basidiocarp) of members of the Family Agaricaceae.
D. covers the gills of the basidioma (basidiocarp) of members of the Family Agaricaceae.
22. Which of the following is not a characteristic which bryophytes share with the charophytes (a group within the Division/Phylum Chlorophyta)?
A. oogamy
B. multicellular gametangia
C. apical growth
D. sporopollenin in spores
23. The gametophyte generation of members of the Division/Phylum Bryophyta
A. has both scales and rhizoids.
B. includes a protonema stage.
C. is always bisexual.
D. depends on the sporophyte for food and water.
24. The phycobiont (photobiont) of a lichen
A. can be described as being parasitized by the mycobiont in a controlled way.
B. provides a protected environment for the mycobiont.
C. receives carbohydrates from the mycobiont.
D. undergoes sexual reproduction by forming an ascoma (ascocarp).
25. Which of the following is not a reason why a fungus is placed in the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)?
A. The sexual reproductive structures have not been discovered.
B. In sexual reproduction conidiophores with conidia are formed.
C. Sexual reproduction does not occur, and only asexual reproduction takes place.
D. The fungus has lost the ability to carry out sexual reproduction.
26. Saprolegnia (Division/Phylum Oomycota) is found growing
A. on wood piles.
B. in soil.
C. in water on dead fish.
D. on plants.
27. Members of the Division/Phylum Ascomycota
A. are food contaminants on peanuts.
B. causes diseases of grape plants.
C. are used in the production of antibiotics.
D. causes disease in American elm trees.
28. The antheridia of true (or common) mosses (Division/Phylum Bryophyta)
A. have a sterile jacket consisting of venter and neck regions.
B. contain sporogenous tissue when they are immature.
C. are located in splash cups which also contain paraphyses.
D. are produced on the female gametophyte of unisexual mosses.
29. Basidia
A. are produced by 2N hyphae.
B. are the site of karyogamy and meiosis.
C. produce eight basidiospores.
D. are surrounded by paraphyses.
30. The secondary mycelium of members of the Division/Phylum Basidiomycota
A. is also known as the basidioma (basidiocarp).
B. is 1N.
C. is part of the feeding stage of the fungus.
D. is formed from spores in asexual reproduction.
DEFINITION: In your Mini-Essay Book write two complete sentences that your understanding of the term. No diagrams, please. (4 pts. each--16 pts.)
1. calyptra
2. plasmogamy
3. mycorrhizal fungus
4. imperfect stage
SHORT ANSWER: Write the answer to each question in your Mini-Essay Book. Limit your answer to one paragraph. If you include a diagram, label it. (6 pts. each--24 pts.)
1. Compare the sporophytes of the true (or common) mosses, Riccia, and Sphagnum in terms of 1) the major parts of which the sporophytes are composed and 2) how spores are dispersed.
2. There are two parts to this question.
Members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota have traditionally been studied by mycologists (biologists who study fungi). This implies that members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota have fungal-like characteristics. What are they?
However, the Division/Phylum Myxomycota is placed in the Kingdom Protista. This implies that the members of the Myxomycota are different from the fungi. How are they different from fungi?
3. Describe three problems that land plants face which are not faced by members of the Division/Phylum Chlorophyta and explain how each of the three problems you described has been solved by the bryophytes.
4. Compare the Division/Phylum Oomycota with the Division/Phylum Zygomycota in term of 1) their feeding stage; 2)structures formed in asexual reproduction; and 3) structures formed in sexual reproduction (fruiting bodies).