Fall
1998 NAME____________________________________
BIO 12 PLANT
BIOLOGY
LECTURE EXAM 2
MULTIPLE CHOICE: Mark the correct answer on your
scantron form. Only one answer is correct. (2 pts.--60 pts.)
1. Members of the Division/Phylum
Zygomycota are best known for being
A. plant
pathogens.
B. human
parasites
C. molds of bread and other foods.
D. wood
decaying fungi.
2. A role lichens play in ecosystems is as
A. organisms
which carry on most of the photosynthesis in the ecosystem.
B. pioneer species which are important in soil formation.
C. heterotrophic
organisms which digest photosynthetic organisms.
D. saprotrophic
organisms which decay dead organisms.
3. A way in which members of the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota
(Deuteromycetes) have a positive impact on (or are beneficial to) people is
their use
A. as
diaper material.
B. in
the production of beer.
C. as
hallucinogenic (recreational) fungi.
D. in the production of soy sauce.
4. The feeding stage of members of the
Division/Phylum Basidiomycota
A. can be both 1N and 1N + 1N.
B. is
septate but has pores in the cross walls large enough for nuclei to pass
through.
C. is
coenocytic and has 2N nuclei.
D. is
called the tertiary mycelium.
5. Sphagnum (Division/Phylum
Bryophyta)
A. lives
in bog environment which has a pH of 9.
B. is used as fuel in some treeless regions of the world.
C. is used in gardening because it decreases the amount of water
soil will hold.
D. bogs
cover 20% of the earth’s surface.
6. Which of the following is not a general characteristic of
fungi (Kingdom Fungi)?
A. Fungi are heterotrophic and digest food internally.
B. The
feeding stage of fungi usually consists of hyphae which form a mass called a
mycelium.
C. Fungi
feeding stages have a high surface to volume ratio.
D. Fungi
store food as glycogen.
7. Members of the Division/Phylum
Myxomycota are commonly found
A. in
aquatic environments.
B. on
rocks in the
C. on
bread left on top of refrigerators.
D. in yards in
8. Feeding stage hyphae of members of the Division/Phylum
Basidiomycota resemble those of members of the Division/Phylum Ascomycota in
that they
A. are
2N.
B. form
antheridia and archegonia when a hypha of the opposite mating type is close by.
C. are
coenocytic.
D. are septate.
9. Which of the following is not a means for spore dispersal among the members of the
Division/Phylum Basidiomycota?
A. Dogs or pigs dig up the underground reproductive structure
and disperse the spores by passing the spores through their digestive tracts.
B. Raindrops
splash peridioles containing spores out of splash cups.
C. Flies
disperse spores.
D. Spores
are wind dispersed.
10. The gametophyte of members of the
Division/Phylum Hepatophyta
A. may be “leafy”.
B. always
has a dorsal groove.
C. always
is a flattened thallus.
D. may
have conducting cells.
11. A plant disease caused by members of the
Division/Phylum Oomycota is
A. chestnut
blight.
B. potato blight.
C. corn
smut.
D. rye
ergot.
12. Lichen are not placed into a Kingdom
because
A. their
cells contain nuclei but no membrane bound organelles.
B. they are a composite of organisms belonging to two or three
Kingdoms and/or Domains.
C. ,
as an organism, they obtain food by both internal digestion and photosynthesis.
D. they
form no asexual reproductive structures.
13. In members of the Division/Phylum
Hepatophyta, the function of scales is
A. to
anchor the gametophyte.
B. to
form fragments for asexual reproduction.
C. to absorb and hold water.
D. hygroscopic
spore dispersal.
14. Some members of the Division/Phylum
Basidiomycota
A. are
used for flavoring cheeses.
B. are mycorrhizal fungi.
C. cause
athlete’s foot.
D. include
molds which cause food spoilage.
15. It is possible to distinguish between Aspergillus
and Penicillium because
A. Aspergillus
produces an ascoma (ascocarp) and Penicillium produces a basidioma
(basidiocarp).
B. the top of the Aspergillus conidiophore is rounded and that
of Penicillium is brush-shaped.
C. Aspergillus
has hyphae which have clamp connections and those of Penicillium do not.
D. Aspergillus
produces apothecia and Penicillium produces perithecia.
16. During sexual reproduction in the
Division/Phylum Ascomycota
A. meiosis
occurs in the ascogonium.
B. karyogamy,
meiosis, and mitosis occur in the ascus.
C. karyogamy occurs when the trichogyne fuses with the
ascogonium.
D. the
ascoma (ascocarp) is formed from 2N hyphae which arise from the ascogonium.
17. Which of the following is not
a way in which members of the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes) negatively
affect (or harm) people?
A. They
can be used as biological warfare agents.
B. They
cause skin diseases such as ring worm.
C. They cause ergotism (St. Anthony’s Fire).
D. They can be pathogens which affect people with compromised
immune systems such as those who have had
chemotherapy or organ transplants.
18. A way in which members of the Division/Phylum Bryophyta are
different from the members of the Division/Phylum Hepatophyta is that
A. the
gametophytes of the Bryophyta are flattened and those of the Hepatophyta are
three-dimensional.
B. the gametophytes of the Bryophyta have no conducting cells
and those of the Hepatophyta have conducting cells.
C. the sporophytes of the Bryophyta are more complex than those
of the Hepatophyta.
D. the sporophytes of the Bryophyta are entirely independent of
the gametophyte and those of the Hepatophyta are parasitic on the gametophyte.
19. Members of the Division/Phylum Oomycota differ from members of
the Kingdom Fungi in that members of the Oomycota
A. resemble other eukaryotes in the details of mitosis, and the
Fungi do not.
B. digest
food externally instead of internally as the Fungi do.
C. have
no motile reproductive cells as the Fungi do.
D. lack
oogamy which is found in the Fungi.
20. The hymenium layer of Peziza (cup
fungus)
A. consists
of basidia only.
B. consists of asci and paraphyses.
C. is
located within a flask-shaped ascoma.
D. is
where plasmogamy and karyogamy occur.
21. The universal veil
A. covers
the sporangium of members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota.
B. covers
the oospores of members of the Division/Phylum Oomycota.
C. covers the button stage of the basidioma (basidiocarp) of
members of the Family Agaricaceae.
D. covers
the gills of the basidioma (basidiocarp) of members of the Family Agaricaceae.
22. Which of the following is not
a characteristic which bryophytes share with the charophytes (a group within
the Division/Phylum Chlorophyta)?
A. oogamy
B. multicellular
gametangia
C. apical
growth
D. sporopollenin in spores
23. The gametophyte generation of members of
the Division/Phylum Bryophyta
A. has
both scales and rhizoids.
B. includes a protonema stage.
C. is
always bisexual.
D. depends
on the sporophyte for food and water.
24. The phycobiont (photobiont) of a lichen
A. can be described as being parasitized by the mycobiont in a
controlled way.
B. provides
a protected environment for the mycobiont.
C. receives
carbohydrates from the mycobiont.
D. undergoes
sexual reproduction by forming an ascoma (ascocarp).
25. Which of the following is not
a reason why a fungus is placed in the Division/Phylum Deuteromycota (Deuteromycetes)?
A. The
sexual reproductive structures have not been discovered.
B. In sexual reproduction conidiophores with conidia are
formed.
C. Sexual
reproduction does not occur, and only asexual reproduction takes place.
D. The
fungus has lost the ability to carry out sexual reproduction.
26. Saprolegnia (Division/Phylum
Oomycota) is found growing
A. on
wood piles.
B. in
soil.
C. in water on dead fish.
D. on
plants.
27. Members of the Division/Phylum Ascomycota
A. are
food contaminants on peanuts.
B. causes
diseases of grape plants.
C. are
used in the production of antibiotics.
D. causes disease in American elm trees.
28. The antheridia of true (or common) mosses
(Division/Phylum Bryophyta)
A. have
a sterile jacket consisting of venter and neck regions.
B. contain
sporogenous tissue when they are immature.
C. are located in splash cups which also contain paraphyses.
D. are
produced on the female gametophyte of unisexual mosses.
29. Basidia
A. are
produced by 2N hyphae.
B. are the site of karyogamy and meiosis.
C. produce
eight basidiospores.
D. are
surrounded by paraphyses.
30. The secondary mycelium of members of the
Division/Phylum Basidiomycota
A. is
also known as the basidioma (basidiocarp).
B. is
1N.
C. is part of the feeding stage of the fungus.
D. is
formed from spores in asexual reproduction.
DEFINITION: In your Mini-Essay Book write
two complete sentences that demonstrate your understanding of the term. No
diagrams, please. (4 pts. each--16
pts.)
1. calyptra
The calyptra is also called the old archegonium.
The calyptra surround the embryo of bryophytes.
The calyptra of mosses is carried upward away from
the gametophyte when the seta elongates.
2. plasmogamy
Plasmogamy is one of two steps in fertilization.
Plasmogamy is when the cytoplasm of two gametes
fuse.
Plasmogamy is the Ascomycota occurs when the
trichogyne grows from the ascogonium and fuses with the antheridium.
3. mycorrhizal
fungus
(Generic term
for ectomycorrhizae and endomycorrhyzae, collectively.)
Mycorrhizal fungi are found in association with the
roots of plants.
Mycorrhizal fungi receive sugars (food) from the
roots of plants.
Mycorrhizal fungi assist plants in absorbing
minerals from the soil more efficiently.
4. imperfect
stage
The imperfect stage refers to a member of the Phylum
Ascomycota that is not undergoing sexual reproduction.
The imperfect stage of a member of the Phylum
Ascomycota includes both the feeding stage and the asexual reproductive
structures (conidiophores and conidia).
SHORT ANSWER: Write the answer to each
question in your Mini-Essay Book. Limit
your answer to one paragraph. If
you include a diagram, label it. (6 pts.
each--24 pts.)
1. Compare the sporophytes of the true (or common) mosses, Riccia,
and Sphagnum in terms of 1)
the major parts of which the sporophytes are composed and 2) how spores are
dispersed.
The sporophyte of common mosses is quite complex. It
includes a foot, a seta, and a sporangium. The spores are released from the
moss sporangium when both the calyptra and the operculum have been removed from
the sporangium. The peristome which is hygroscopic moves outward when dry and
inward when it’s moist or wet, and assists in the release of spores. The Riccia
sporophyte consists of only a sporangium. It is surrounded by the calyptra.
Spores are only released when the sporangium and the gametophyte thallus decay.
Sphagnum sporophytes consist of a foot, a very short to non-existent
seta, and sporangium. Spores are dispersed when the operculum is blown off of
the sporangium by an explosion of air pressure.
2. There are two parts
to this question.
Members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota have
traditionally been studied by mycologists (biologists who study fungi). This
implies that members of the Division/Phylum Myxomycota have fungal-like
characteristics. What are they?
Members of the Phylum Myxomycota are heterotrophic,
as are the fungi. Additionally, they produce airborne spores, as do the fungi.
However, the Division/Phylum Myxomycota is placed in the
Kingdom Protista. This implies that the members of the Myxomycota are different
from the fungi. How are they different from fungi?
The myxomycetes have a feeding stage that is 2N, and
the feeding stage consists of a naked mass of protoplasm called the plasmodium.
Myxomycetes produce motile cells, and the fungi don’t. When cell walls are
present, they are composed of cellulose. Those of the fungi are composed of
chitin.
3. Describe three
problems that land plants face which are not faced by members of the
Division/Phylum Chlorophyta and
explain how each of the three
problems you described has been solved by the bryophytes.
4. Compare the Division/Phylum Oomycota with the
Division/Phylum Zygomycota in term of 1) their feeding stage; 2) structures
formed in asexual reproduction; and 3) structures formed in sexual reproduction
(fruiting bodies).
Members of the Phylum Oomycota have a coenocytic
feeding stage that is 2N. That of members of the Phylum Zygomycota is also
coenocytic but is 1N. The cell walls of the hyphae of the oomycetes is composed
of cellulose; that of the zygomycetes is composed of chitin. In asexual
reproduction, the oomycetes form motile zoospores within a zoosporangium. The
zygomycetes form airborne spores within a sporangium that is raised on a
sporangiophore. The sexual reproductive structures of the oomycetes are the
oogonia and antheridia. The sexual reproductive structure of the zygomycetes is
the zygosporangium.