I. Correlational strategies

A. Correlational vs. experimental strategies

 

 

 

 

B. Measuring Association between variables

1. Scatterplots

 

 

 

2. Positive and Negative (inverse) linear relationships

 

 

 

   

 

 

 

3. Curvilinear relationships

 

 

 

 

 

4. Correlation coefficient

 

 

 

 

 

II. Problems with interpreting correlations

A. restricted range

 

 

 

B. outliers

 

 

 

C. lack of reliability

 

 

 

D. correlation vs. causation

 

 

 

• third variables (and spurious correlations)

 

 

• partial correlations

DISCUSSION