I. Peers as socializing agents

A. Peers and peer groups

 

 

B. Evidence of the peer group at work

1. Harlow - peer or mother-raised monkeys

 

 

 

2. Anna Freud - war orphans raised in concentration camps .

 

 

 

3. Los Abandonados (video) - what similarities do you see between this peer group and any other peer group.  What differences do you see?

 

 

 

 

 

II. Early sociability/interactions

A. Pretend Play  

 

 

 

B. Social participation in play

Parten (1932)

·                     nonsocial play

 

 

·                     parallel play

 

 

·                     associative play

 

 

·                     cooperative play

 

C. Howes and Matheson - cognitive complexity

·         Parallel play

 

 

·         Parallel aware play

 

 

·         Simple Pretend play

 

 

·         Complementary and reciprocal play 

 

 

 

·         Cooperative social pretend play

 

 

 

·         Complex social pretend play

 

 

 

Results:

 

 

D.  Peer group affiliation in adolescence

1. Cliques

 

 

2. Crowds

 

 

 

 

E. Parents and peer groups/sociability

 

 

 

 

III. Peer status/ Social acceptance

A. Peer acceptance and rejection

 

 

 

 

B. Sociometric techniques

1) ratings

 

2) Nominations – status classifications

·         popular

 

 

·         rejected

 

 

·         neglected

 

 

·         controversial

 

 

·         average

 

 

C. Stability of peer status

 

 

 

 

D. Correlates of peer acceptance/rejection

1.       temperament

2.       cognitive/social cognitive skills

3.       physical characteristics

4.       behavior

5.       cultural and familial influences

 

 

E. Direction of effects? 

 

 

F. Improving status of rejected children (discussion)

 

  

IV.  Friendship

A. Functions of friendships (Hartup):

1. contexts for developing social skills

 

 

2. provide information about self and social world

 

 

3. provide fun, companionship, support for stress

 

 

4. models of intimate relationships (Sullivan - chumships)

 

 

 

B. Characteristics of friendships

1. proximity, similarity

 

 

2.  Gottman

 

 

 

 

 

 

C.  Developmental Changes in friendships

1. Cognitive changes – friendship understanding

 

 

2.  behavioral changes in friendships       

 

 

 

D. Effects of friendship

1. Ladd - Friends and Kindergarten adjustment

 

 

 

 

 

2. Friendship and peer rejection

 

 

 

3. quality of friendship effects

 

 

 

 4. Long-term effects of friendship and acceptance - Bagwell et al.

 

 

 

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