Hao Nguyen

1. Describe how the inheritance of mutated genes (or heredity) and pre-existing disorders/diseases may contribute to the increase chance of carcinogenesis.

2. Describe the process of tumorigenesis. What is clonal expansion? What is a cloning or a clone? How is the accumulation of DNA mutations involved?

3. How do the following processes involved in carcinogenesis: growth, cell death, repair, and cell-cell interaction? How do problems in each or all of these pathways contribute to carcinogenesis?

4. Name and describe mutated genes that have been linked to the various cancers. Describe the normal function of each gene (before mutation) and explain why carcinogenesis may occur with the absence of these functions.

5. Name the type/types of genes that may be involved in carcinogenesis when mutated. How do you think these mutated genes may contribute to carcinogenesis?

6. Describe the process of metastasis. Name all molecules, structures, and processes that are involved. What is an embolus? What is a thrombus? How are an embolus and a thrombus related? What is the difference between metastasis and invasion?

7. Describe the difference between Invasion and Metastasis. How does each process related to carcinogenesis?

8. Describe the difference between Vascularization and Angiogenesis. What is Tumor Angiogenesis? Why does this process have to occur (i.e. what is the function)?

9. Describe the Cell Cycle Regulation of a normal, uninvolved cell versus that of a cancer cell. Name and describe all pathways that are involved [as discussed in class].