Philosophy 4: Critical Thinking

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APRIL 6th PRACTICE

• Problem Set 1: Categorical Logic
• Problem Set 1 Answers

Introduction to Sentential Logic Problem Set

• Introduction to Sentential Logic Problem Set

Adminstrative:

• Critical Thinking Section 6 Syllabus for 9th Edition
• Critical Thinking Section 12 Syllabus for 9th Edition

• Convert Grade to Percentage

Final Exam Schedule:

• Section 6: Monday, May 17th, 12:45-2:45
• Section 12: Thursday, May 20th, 12:45-2:45

Midterm Review:

• List of Topics and Concepts
• List of Fallacies
• Review Exercises, Chapters 1-7
• Premises and Conclusions

Homework Assignments:

• Homework #1, Chapter 1 Issues,Main Issue, Arguments
• Homework #2, Chapter 2 Arguments
• Homework #3, Chapter 4 Ambiguity & Vagueness
• Homework #4, Chapter 5 Rhetorical Slanters
• Homework #5, Chapter 7 Fallacies
• Homework #6, Chapter 8 Sentential Logic
• Homework #7,Chapters 10 & 11 Inductive & Causal

OVERHEADS:

Week 1: Chapter 1: Introduction to Critical Thinking

• Identifying Claims
• Issues, Multiple Issues and Main Issue
• Recognizing a Change in Issue
• Practice: Responding to an Issue
• Exercise: Changing the Issue
• Arguments: Components
• Qualities of Arguments
• Premises and Conclusions
• Introduction to Factual/Nonfactual
• Facts, Factual Matters, and Nonfactual Matters: Examples

Week 2: Anatomy and Types of Arguments

• Arguments Vs. Explanations
• Features of Arguments
• Diagramming Arguments
• Introduction to Counterpremises
• Exercise: Diagram with Counterpremise
• Chart: Analyzing Passages
• Deductive Vs. Inductive Arguments
• Exercise 1: Premise/Conclusion, Type of Argument
• Argument Examples
• Evaluating Deductive Arguments
• Exercise 1: Detect Validity
• Finding a Missing Premise: Introduction
• Exercise 1: Find Missing Premise(s)
• Exercise 2: Finding the Missing Premise

Week 3: Clarity in Writing

• Steps in Writing
• Exercise: Writing for an Audience/Purpose
• Exercise: Critical Reading: Right to Desks
• Rough Draft 1: Passage for Rewriting
• Steps for Rewriting Using Argument Diagram
• Types of Definitions
• Definitions: Practice
• Ambiguity: Outline of Types
• Ambiguity: Types and Examples
• Vagueness and Comparisons
• Practice: Ambiguity and Vagueness

Week 4: Credibility

• Changing a Belief: Individual
• Changing a Belief: Society
• Credibility Examples
• Exercise: Evaluating Credibility
• Exercise: Evaluate Credibility Based on Biography

Week 5: Rhetoric

• Rhetoric Vs. Critical Thinking
• Rhetorical Devices Definitions
• Exercise: Identifying Rhetorical Devices

Week 6: Introduction to Fallacies

• Logic vs. Pseudoreasoning: Chart
• Features of Pseudoreasoning
• Pseudreasoning: Definitions

Week 7: More Fallacies

• More Fallacies
• Practice 1: More Informal Fallacies
• Practice 2: Fallacies from Both Weeks

Week 9: Deductive Arguments: Categorical Logic

• Categorical Claims in Standard Form
• Putting Claims In Standard Form: Guidelines
• Derive Corresponding Claims & Assess Truth: Practice
• Areas in a Venn Diagram
• Representing Categorical Claims: Venn Diagrams
• Reading Venn Diagram for Validity
• Evaluating Arguments Using Venn: Long Version
• Evaluating Arguments: Practice
• Problem Set 1: Categorical Logic
• Problem Set 1 Answers

Week 10 and 11: Deductive Arguments: Sentential Logic

• Why Sentential Logic is Needed
• Introduction to Symbolic Logic
• What you can do with Sentential Logic
• Steps to Translating Into Sentential Logic
• Practice 1: Translating Claims
• Practice 2: Translating Claims
• Sentence Connectives Chart
• Truth Functionality of Sentence Connectives
• Finding the Main Connective and Sentence Type

• Characteristics of a Truth Table
• Truth Tables of Sentence Connectives
• Truth Tables of Connectives in Basic Sentences
• Using Truth Tables to Represent Easier Sentences
• Using Truth Tables to Represent Harder Sentences
• Symbolizing Arguments in Truth Functional Format
• Using Truth Tables: Summary of Uses
• Showing Implication or Equivalence
• Using Truth Tables To Show Arguments Valid: Examples
• Validity: Truth Forcing Truth
• Using TT to Show Validity: English Examples
• Problem Set 1: Sentential Logic: Sentences, Truth Tables, Validity
• Problem Set 1: Sentential Logic: Answers
• Short Truth Table Method Outline
• The Short Truth Table Method
• Rules of Deduction
• Constructing a Deduction Backwards: Practice

Week 12: Inductive Arguments

• Chart: Types of Arguments
• Deductive Vs. Inductive Inferences
• Inductive Generalizations vs. Analogical Arguments
• Parts of Inductive Arguments
• Parts of Analogical Arguments
• Analyzing Inductive Reasoning: Practice
• Creating a Representative Sample
• Representativeness Of a Sample Class: Example
• Evaluating Inductive Arguments: 3 Questions
• Evaluating Formal Inductive Generalizations

Week 13: Causal Reasoning

• Causal Reasoning Components
• Correlations and Causes
• Examples of Causal Hypotheses
• Causal Hypotheses and Causal Chains: Example
• Only Relevant Difference Vs. Common Thread
• Sources of Error in Causal Hypotheses
• Vagueness in Causal Hypotheses Examples
• Mistakes in Causal Reasoning
• Causal Arguments as Inductive Arguments
• Chart: Types of Causal Studies
• Components of Causal Studies
• Controlled Cause-to-Effect
• Non-Experimental Cause-to-Effect
• Non-Experimental Effect-to-Cause
• Placebo Effect & Double-Blind Studies

Week 14: Introduction to Ethics

• Chart: Factual, Evaluative, Moral Vs. Nonmoral
• Descriptive vs. Prescriptive
• Introduction to Moral/Nonmoral
• Introduction to Moral Philosophy
• Emotivism
• Is to Ought Reasoning
• Exercise: Missing Prescriptive Premise
• Factors in Moral Issues
• Relativism vs. Universalism
• Types of Ethical Theories
• Divine Command
• Utilitarianism
• Kantian Ethics
• Virtue Ethics

Week 15: Review For Final Exam:

• List of Topics, Chapters 8-12
• List of Fallacies
• Analyzing Arguments/Counterarguments
• Detect/Diagram Fallacy/Argument Hard
• Practice Sentence Implication
• Find Missing Premise
• Causal: Only Relevant Difference/Common Thread
• Review Worksheet, Chapters 8-12
• Exercise Review Ch 1, Ch 8-12
• Quiz: Categorical Logic