1. All land plants must deal with the problems of living on land. In vascular plants which generation has truly confronted the problems of life on land? What types of adaptations does this generation have for life on land?

2. Describe the first vascular plant. What plant organs comprise the plant? What part of the life cycle is the plant you described? List two reasons why you know that is the gametophyte or the sporophyte.

3. Describe a Psilotum sporophyte. What organs comprise the plant?

4. Describe a Psilotum gametophyte. How does the gametophyte obtain nourishment? Is it unisexual or bisexual? Is it endosporic or exosporic? Does it contain vascular tissues? Does it have a cuticle?

5. Where does fertilization take place in Psilotum?

6. How does the embryo obtain food and water when it first starts to grow?

7. Psilotum sporophytes can live for many years? How long, relative to the sporophyte, does the gametophyte live?

8. What’s the difference between an enation (prophyll), a microphyll, and a megaphyll?

9. How does a Lycopodium sporophyte differ from a Psilotum sporophyte? What organs comprise the plant? In a cross section, how is the vascular tissue arranged?

10. In a cross section, how can you tell a Lycopodium stem from a root of the same plant?

11. Compare the location and arrangement of Psilotum sporangium with those of Lycopodium.

12. Compare the gametophyte of Lycopodium with that of Psilotum.

13. Compare the location of fertilization and the intial stages in the growth of the embryo of these two plants.

14. Why are Equisetum roots adventitious roots?

15. Why is scouring rush one common name of Equisetum?

16. If your grade in BIO 12 depended on finding and bringing to class an Equisetum plant, where would you look for one (besides the Bio Sci greenhouse)? What about Psilotum?

17. Describe the leaves of Equisetum. What is the arrangement of branches in Equisetum?

18. Compare Equisetum stem cross section with a Lycopodium stem cross section.

19. In a longitudinal section, how is the structure of an Equisetum strobilus different from Lycopodium strobilus?

20. How are Equisetum spores different from Lycopodium spores?

21. How does an Equisetum gametophyte compare with a Lycopodium gametophyte?

22. In most ferns, what is the aerial portion of the sporophyte? What structures are located below ground?

23. What is circinate vernation? Why does this occur in ferns?

24. What is the difference between a true indusium and a false indusium? Of what functional value is an indusium?

25. How does the location of sporangium in ferns compare with those of Equisetum?

26. What is unusual about spore dispersal in ferns?

27. How does a fern gametophyte compare with an Equisetum gametophyte?

28. If a fern gametophyte produces both eggs and sperm, what mechanism does a fern have to prevent self fertilization?

29. Why must fern gametophytes either live in wet environments or at times of the year when water is plentiful?

30. What is the difference between a microphyll and a microsporophyll? Can a microsporophyll be a megaphyll? Must megasporophylls be megaphylls?

31. How is heterospory linked to the type of gametophyte a plant produces?

32. List all of the structures which are found within a Selaginella strobilus after meiosis but prior to mitosis. (I count seven.)

33. Compare a Selaginella strobilus with a Lycopodium strobilus.

34. Why is the megagametophyte (female gametophyte) so much larger than the microgametophyte (male gametophyte) in Selaginella?

35. Where does fertilization occur in Selaginella? Is water necessary for fertilization?

36. Where does the embryo of Selaginella begin to grow?

37. What is pollen? How does pollen differ from a microspore?

38. What type of cell division produces a microspore? What type of cell division produces a microgametophyte (male gametophyte)? How many cells comprise a gymnosperm male gametophyte and what are the cells called?

39. Why is the the megagametophyte (female gametophyte) of a seed plants endosporic?

40. The female gametophyte of seed plants is protected by three layers. What are they?

41. The female gametophyte of seed plants consists of at least two parts. What are they?

42. Why is the micropyle necessary?

43. What is an ovule (both the complex definition and the simple one)?

44. What is the advantage of enclosing both the male and female gametophytes within protective layers?

45. The protective layers are an impediment to fertilization. How do seed plants overcome this impediment? What are the two steps which must occur before fertilization can take place?

46. What three structures are always present in a seed?

47. What are the parts of a seed plant embryo and what does each one become as the seedling begins to grow?

48. Describe the stem, roots and leaves of a cycad sporophyte (Division Cycadophyta).

49. Describe the microstrobilus of a cycad. What are the subunits of the strobilus? Where are the microsporangia located? Why type of cell division produces microspores? What structure is released from the microstrobilus?

50. Describe the megastrobilus of a cycad. What are the subunits of the strobilus? Where are the ovules located? Where are the megaspores located? What structure is released from the megastrobilus?

51. Describe the stem (and branches of the stem) and leaves of Ginkgo. What is a long shoot? A short shoot? What types of structures are produced by both?

52. Describe a Ginkgo microstrobilus.

53. Since we dissected a Ginkgo ovule, describe in detail the layers we found. Why were the structures ovules?

54. Compare Gnetum, Ephedra, and Welwitschia in terms of where they grow natively and their appearence. How will you recognize them on the lab practical?

55. All the gymnosperms we examined last lab were dioecious plants. What does this mean?

56. Why can ferns, Equisetum, and Lycopodium be considered the amphibians of the plant world? Why can gymnosperms be considered the reptiles of the plant world? Why can Selaginella be considered a transitional form (between amphibian and reptile)?

58. The Division Coniferophyta includes both evergreen and deciduous species. What does this mean?

59. The Division Coniferophyta includes both dioecious and monoecious species. What does this mean?

60. The pine sporophyte has both long shoots and short shoots. Describe these. What is a fascicle? What is a scale leaf?

61. When and where are pine microstrobili produced? What is the subunit of a pine microstrobilus called?

62. Why is pine pollen distinctive?

63. Why is the structure that produces ovules called a compound megastrobilus? What is the subunit of a pine megastrobilus called? How did this structure arise, evolutionarily speaking? What is a bract?

64. What is the difference between a free nuclear and cellular female gametophyte? Which is produced first?

65. In pine, approximately when does pollination occur? How long afterward does fertilization occur?

66. How does the microgametophyte survive between pollination and fertilization, i.e. how does it obtain food? What about the megagametophyte?

67. How does the proembryo differ from embryo initials? What is the function of the suspensors?

68. If an ovule has more than one archegonium and each zygote forms four embryo initials, why do pine seeds usually have only one embryo? Is there any advantage in producing all these redundant structures?

69. What differences are there between the Ginkgo seed coat and the pine seed coat?

70. What are the parts of a pine embryo? Which ones could you actually see in the pine seed dissection? Were the suspensors visible?

71. How do the juvenile leaves of pine differ from the "adult" or needle leaves?