Sample OUTLINE of Rationales for a Phenomenon (P) needing to be explained:

1. P = Some students fail to accomplish reasonable assignment goals set for them by their instructors.
   
   
   1. 'some' = more than one and less than a majority: in this case, no more than 40%
   2. 'student' = voluntary enrollee capable of exiting course well in advance of when what is expected by instructor is revealed
   3. 'fail' = to not do what is essential to completing an assignment; the opposite of to succeed
   4. 'accomplish' = satisfy at least 3 out of 4 instructor objectives
   5. 'reasonable assignment goal' = whatever objectives instructor sets that most (appx. 60% of) students fulfill successfully (in the past and present)
   6. 'instructor' = beneficent, fair, non-malevolent, competent teacher of useful, peer-accepted methods of logical and critical analysis
      
      
2. T1's EXPL of P: "Inability Theory" (e.g., a learning disability or invincible ignorance or unfair instructor causes failure)
   
   
   1. Either a student needs to be able to do whatever their instructors assign for them to do or they fail to do it.
   2. Ability is necessary for success.
   3. Some students are unable (i.e., they don't understand or are confused or misapply lessons learned).
   4. Therefore, some students fail to accomplish reasonable assignment goals set for them by their instructors.
      
      
3. T1's ARG for accepting that T1 explains P
   
   
   1. If a student is unable to accomplish an assigned task and needs to be able to do it, then that adequately explains why the student will probably fail.
   2. Some students lack the ability to do what they must (i.e., they don't understand or are confused or misapply lessons learned).
   3. Therefore, lacking the ability to do what they must explains sufficiently why some students fail.
      
      
4. T2's EXPL of P: "Unwillingness Theory" (e.g., not wanting to work hard, unrealistic or unconventional priorities causes failure)
   
   
   1. People who are unwilling to do what they are assigned to do often fail to do what they are assigned to do.
   2. Unwillingness is sufficient for failure.
   3. Sometimes students are unwilling to do what an assignment requires (e.g., research deeply, study examples, apply lessons learned, outline, talk to instructor, draft, rewrite...).
   4. Therefore, some students fail to accomplish reasonable assignment goals set for them by their instructors.
      
      
5. T2's ARG for accepting that T2 explains P
   
   
   1. Unwilling students often fail to do what they are assigned to do.
   2. If any student is unwilling to accomplish an assigned task, then their unwillingness is sufficient to explain why the student fails.
   3. Therefore, being unwilling to do what they must explains sufficiently why some students fail.