Text:  Natural Resources & the Informed Citizen  (Dennis) 
Dennis Chapter 1: The Values of Natural Resources
D1.1  Explain what is meant by the following terms:
•	Natural resources
•	Resource scarcity
•	Renewable natural resources
•	Non-renewable natural resources
•	Resource ownership
•	Bundle of rights

D1.2  Describe the concepts natural resource-related values and when they would be utilized:
•	Strategic value
•	Commodity value
•	Aesthetic value
•	Moral value
•	Existence value (not in text)
Dennis Chapter 2:  Demands on Natural Resources
D2.1  Describe how each of the following factors affect demand for natural resources: 
•	population 
•	technological fixes
•	urbanization
•	mobility
•	work and leisure
•	income
•	culture, philosophy, and education 

Dennis Chapter 3: America’s Common Lands
D3.1  How much of the land-base in the United States is managed by the federal government? 
D3.2  Describe what is meant by “multiple use” as it relates to each of the following natural resources 
•	Timber
•	Water
•	Grasslands
•	Minerals
•	Wildlife
•	Outdoor recreation
D3.3  Describe what is meant by the phrase “industrial tourism.”
D3.4   Illustrate how the free exercise of individual self-interest can lead to the Tragedy of the Commons
Dennis Chapter 4:  Evolution of a Land Ethic & Natural Resource Management Eras
D4.1  Explain why reviewing history is important to understanding the present state of natural resources management.  
D4.2  Describe the relationship that ancient humans had with the natural world.  
D4.3  Illustrate the early Judeo-Christian (or ‘Western’) view of wild lands. 
D4.4  Characterize the shift of view toward nature that occurred during the Renaissance.  
D4.5  Discuss what is meant by ecological imperialism.
D4.6  Describe what is meant by ecological warfare that played out in the American West, and who (both wild and human) it affected.  
D4.7  Describe at least 3 early environmental disasters that may have influenced public opinion to recognize the value of natural resources preserved. 
D4.8  Explain what is meant by transcendentalism and how this influence people’s thinking about the natural world. 
D4.9  Indicate what America’s first national park was, including the year it was set aside.  
D4.10  What was the preservation philosophy and what was it in response to? 
D4.11  Describe who John Muir was, and the role he played in the early preservationist movements, including the organization he founded.    
D4.12  Indicate what the 1906 Antiquities Act allows
D4.13  Characterize what is meant by the conservation philosophy, including the role that Gifford Pinchot played as part of the conservation movement.  
D4.14  Describe the Forest Management Act of 1897—including which agency rose from this legislation.  
D4.15  Explain what Hetch Hetchy was (or is) and how this signified the split between the conservation and reservation movements.  
D4.16  Describe what is meant by ecosystem management. 
Dennis Chapter 5:  Federal Resource Managing Agencies & Authority
D5.1  Describe the two principle land management philosophies that were part of the evolution of the American Land ethic.  
D5.2  Describe which agencies represent those philosophies, and how.  
D5.3  Describe the principle responsibilities for each of the following agencies:
•	National Park Service (NPS)
•	U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (USFWS)
•	Bureau of Land Management (BLM)
•	U.S. Forest Service (USFS)
•	Bureau of Reclamation (BR)
•	Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA)
•	National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA)
•	Department of Energy (DOE)
•	Environmental Protection Agency (EPA)
•	Council on Environmental Quality (CEQ)

D5.4  Discuss the role of the mission in land management agencies, and indicate the character of each agency mission for those in the list above.

Dennis Chapter 6:  Civics 1A & the Federal Regulatory Process
D6.1  Know the correct responses for each question item in Quiz 1A on p. 55.  

D6.2  Discuss the evolution of regulatory agencies and the Federal government.  

D6.3  Describe what is meant by Dr. Dennis when he states that it was the role of agencies to “fill in the details” of legislation. 
D6.4  Describe the role of the federal judiciary 
D6.5  Understand what is meant by “the 4th branch of the government,” and what it comprises.

Dennis Chapter 7:  Federal Agencies – The National Park Service
D7.1  Know the year the National Park Service (NPS) was founded, and what kind of mandate the agency has that is reflected in its mission.  
D7.2  Understand the important, but conflicting clauses of the Park Service’s Organic Act
D7.3  Know which federal department the NPS belongs in, and who is currently in charge of the department (this is not in Dennis’ text, so you’ll need to find on your own).  
D7.4  Describe the role that transportation played in the early days of the NPS. 
D7.5  Describe the potentially conflicting “uses” that were allowed within the boundaries of national parks resulting from loopholes in legislation that authorized many parks. 
D7.6  Characterize the three types of national parks, give examples of the kinds of parks that fall under each type, and explain the values associated with each type. 
D7.7  Describe the Land and Water Conservation Fund Act of 1965 and indicate what its original purpose was.  

Dennis Chapter 10:  Federal Agencies – The U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service
D10.1  Describe the Lacey Act of 1900 and its impact on federal wildlife regulation in the U.S. 
D10.2  What year was the U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service (FWS) formed, and to which federal department does it belong?  
D10.3  Characterize the authority and power that the FWS has. 
D10.4  Describe the 5 types of refuges
D10.5  Describe the concept of habitat  and the role that the “Bambi Syndrome” plays in wildlife management

Dennis Chapter 11:  Federal Agencies – Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers
D11.1  Describe which federal departments the Bureau of Reclamation and U.S. Army Corps of Engineers belong to.  
D11.2  Describe the story of Los Angeles’ “water grab” of  the Owens River.  
D11.3  Explain the meaning of the phrase “pork barrel project.”  
D11.4  Characterize the pro and con arguments for dams and water projects
D11.5  Explain what is meant by “anadromous” fish species
Dennis Chapter 9:  Federal Agencies - The Bureau of Land Management
D9.1  Indicate what year the present day BLM was founded, as well as the year that the agency was formally recognized as an agency responsible to manage its lands as “public” lands as a permanent part of the federal estate.  
D9.2  Describe the federal department that houses the BLM, as well as the philosophical orientation of the agency mission. 
D9.3  Describe the original two interest groups that the BLM had as its primary constituencies. 
D9.4  Describe the additional constituencies of the BLM once the modern environmental movement influenced federal politics.
D9.5  Indicate which preserve in California was created from BLM lands in 1995, as well as the agency that gained responsible for it. 

Dennis Chapter 8:  Federal Agencies - The U.S. Forest Service
D8.1  Indicate the year the Forest Service organic act was passed, as well as the year the Forest Service gained its federal departmental home.   
D8.2  Indicate the federal department that houses the Forest Service, and the type of lands the agency is responsible for. 
D8.3 Describe the 3 conditions of the Forest Service Organic Act
D8.4  Describe the lasting contributions of Aldo Leopold and Bob Marshall to the field of natural resources. 
D8.5  Describe the forces that lead to increased harvesting on national forests. 
D8.6  Describe which natural resource philosophy Smokey Bear strengthened.
D8.7  Specify how the Multiple Use and Sustained Yield Act of 1960 altered the mission of the U.S. Forest Service. 

Dennis Chapter 12:  State Government Involved in Natural Resources

D12.1  Explain what the 10th Amendment to the U.S. Constitution says about a state's rights. 
	
D12.2  Describe in general terms what the California Environmental Quality Act is, and what federal law it is most closely related to. 

D12.3  Indicate which department in California state government has a role similar to the Dept. of the Interior, but at a state level.

D12.4  Characterize each of the 6 departments that belong in the State Resources Agency:
	Department of Parks and Recreation (DPR)
	Department of Fish & Game (DFG)
	Department of Water Resources (DWR)
	Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CDF) 
	Department of Boating and Waterways (DBW) 
	Department of Conservation 

D12.5  Describe the role of the California Coastal Commission.

D12.6  Describe the role of the California Coastal Conservancy.
 
D12.7  Describe the role of the California Tahoe Conservancy.

Chapter 13:  Special Districts, County, & Municipal Involvement in Natural Resources

D13.1  Explain the purpose of special districts as they relate to the provision of recreation, including how they are created, what authority they have, and how they are governed.  

D13.2  Explain what is meant by corporate power. 

D13.3  Describe what a bond is, and what is meant by floating a bond. 

D13.4  Describe what is meant by police power. 
	
D13.5  Characterize the process of imminent domain and indicate how property changes hands in this process.
	
D13.6  Describe the role of the planning department at the local level reviews development proposals and checks to see that a proposal is in line with state or local laws and codes. 

D13.7  Describe non-profit organizations’ role in managing natural resources and provide an example of such an organization. 

Dennis Chapter 14:  Citizen Involvement in Natural Resources 
D14.1  Describe the shift in American’s view of nature and nature’s resources that occurred between 1850 and 1950

D14.2 Describe the difference between internal, external, and insider-outsider publics as these concepts relate to natural resource management. 

D14.3  Characterize the Bitteroot Controversy of the 1970s
 
D14.4 Define the concept of capture as it relates to natural resource management agencies and interest groups, and indicate why it seem so easy to see the appearance that an agency has been captured by a particular interest.  

D14.5  Describe the 3 major considerations that natural resource managers consider when weighing options regarding management. 

D14.6  Understand and explain the 5 stages of Downs’ issue attention cycle.

D14.7 Describe what is meant by resource mobilization theory and indicate who gets involved in such movements. 

D14.8  Describe the purpose of each of the following citizen organizations:
	1. Land conveyance and management
	2. Policy influencing
	3. Litigating
	4. Activity promotion and coordination
	5. Professional alignment
	6. Specialization and protest

Dennis Chapter 15: Activism and the Legal Avenues for Public Involvement 

D15.1  Characterize the environmental interest groups named by the author in terms of their moderate or confrontational positions on the political spectrum. 

D15.2  Define the term monkeywrenching. 

D15.3  Describe the concept of justiciability (the tests), as well as the Doctrine of Limitations.

D15.4  Characterize the two common types of legal grounds cited in natural resources suits: procedural and substantive. 

D15.5  Describe the two legal foundations that outline proper federal administrative conduct

D15.6  Standing is a critical legal concept relating to management of natural resources.  Describe the circumstances under which the current understandings of standing were established. 

Dennis Chapter 16: Theoretical and Legal Foundations of Public Involvement   

D16.1  Indicate the solution Dennis suggests for removing the insulation between agencies and their publics.  

D16.2  List and characterize the 4 benefits that accrue to public agencies from effective public participation in the planning process. 

D16.3  Know what each of the letters of NEPA stand for.  

D16.4 Describe the components of NEPA as they relate to environmental litigation and public involvement

D16.5  Describe Dennis’ “bottom line” for statutes involving natural resources (NEPA, FLPMA, NFMA). 

Dennis Chapter 17: Effective Avenues for Public Involvement

D17.1  Describe the 2 major barriers to quality citizen involvement

D17.2  Characterize the type of communication that occurs during a hearing

D17.3  Characterize the role that opinion leaders (early adopters) and partners play in public participation efforts. 

D17.4  Offer criticism of the public participation process

D17.5  Describe each of the following public involvement strategies:
•	Lobbying
•	Information dissemination and communications
•	Letter-writing, telephone, email, internet, and fax campaigns
•	Litigation
•	Letters and testimony
•	Protests and demonstrations
•	Position and advocacy statements
•	Campaign endorsements
•	Public meetings
•	Citizen initiative and referendum
•	Oversight monitoring
•	Boycotting 

D17.6  Characterize people who typically show up at public meetings.

D17.7  Describe the role of the lobbyist. 

D17.8  Describe the role of cooperative programs with agencies. 

Dennis Chapter 23: Profiling an Informed Citizen

D23.1  Characterize the role that values play as part of being an informed citizen. 

D23.2  Describe the value of understanding several different perspectives on an issue.

D23.3  Describe the dangers of thinking of issues in simplistic, either-or dichotomies. 

D23.4  Characterize the difference between science and pseudo-science.

D23.5  Describe the role that our values play on our opinions.

D23.6  Describe what is meant by tolerable risk as it relates to natural resources. 

D23.7  Describe your role as you are connected to the natural environment. 

Dennis Chapter 24: Legacy

D24.1  Describe the questions we face regarding human effects on the environment. 

D24.2  What does Steve Dennis refer to when he uses the word legacy in this final chapter?

D24.3  Describe what is meant by the phrase “…the expression of what we reserve for them.”  

Essay: Tragedy of the Commons (Hardin)
H.1 Describe what is implied by a “technical solution.”  Indicate whether or not Hardin imply that this kind of solution works and why. 
H.2  Explain what is meant by the word “tragedy.” 
H.3  Describe what is meant by “the inherent logic of the commons.”  
H.4  Explain possible solutions or options that Hardin writes about in connection with National Parks. 
H.5  Describe what Hardin suggests as options to legislate temperance. 
H.6  Clarify what is meant by the phrase “mutual coercion mutually agreed upon.”  

TEXT:  Outdoor Recreation Management:  Theory & Application (Jubenville & Twight)
Jubenville Chapter 1: Historical Roots for Framing the Future
J1.1  Describe what characterizes a “developed” recreation site and contrast this with a description of a “dispersed” recreation site.  
J1.2  Characterize the “Custodial Era” of land management.  
J1.3  What was the organization responsible for intensive construction of access roads and trails in the Great Depression?  
J1.4  Characterize the “Extensive Management Era” of land management.  
J1.5  Describe what is meant by resource management vs. visitor management.  
J1.6  Characterize the “Intensive Management Era” of land management for recreation.
J1.7  Describe the role of the recreation manager—specifically, what should he/she be most concerned with?   
J1.8  Explain what is meant by organizational framework and why this is important to recreation land managers. 

Jubenville Chapter 7:  Assessing Impacts in the Real World  (only read p. 93-100 of this chapter)
J7.1  Describe the criteria necessary for something to be identified as a resource.  
J7.2  Explain the “trade-offs” necessary when managers consider controlling access.  
J7.3  Discuss the nature of dispersed recreation versus developed recreation. 
J7.4  Characterize environmental impacts and social impacts. 
J7.5  Understand Thompson & Tuden’s paradigm of decision-making strategies (Fig. 7-1). 
J7.6  Know what the National Environmental Policy Act (NEPA) requires.  
J7.7  Know what an Environmental Assessment (EA) does.  

Jubenville Chapter 8: Site Management
J8.1  Describe what is meant by site protection, 
J8.2  Understand that site protection is a function of 5 elements, and be able to describe each one (Figure 8-1).
J8.3  Describe the concepts of durability, deterioration, and resilience as they relate to site management. 
J8.4  Explain the 6 management strategies of recreation sites described in Jubenville:
•	Leave open, treat culturally
•	Closure, natural recovery
•	Close, treat culturally
•	Rest & rotate
•	Site hardening
•	Cut out, get out (laissez-faire approach to management)

Jubenville Chapter 11: Management of Natural Ecosystems
J11.1  Describe what an ecosystem is, including what physical and biological components consist of.   
J11.2  Characterize the components of management of natural ecosystems. 
J11.3  We spent the beginning of the course looking at human values for natural resources.  Explain the effect of the “Smokey Bear” campaign on wildfire, including the values associated with the various aspects of fire. 
J11.4  The text describes a basic approach to fire and ecosystem management—you should understand what each of the “steps” comprises: 
•	Inventory of conditions
•	Ecological modeling
•	Understanding recent ecological history
•	Establishment of ecological policy
•	Coordination of fire management
•	Program of public interpretation

Jubenville Chapter 17:  Recreation Area Planning
J17.1 Describe what is meant by recreation area planning 
J17.2 Explain what kinds of decisions and descriptions are made as part of recreation area planning
J17.3  Describe what constraints should be identified when managing for recreation opportunities 
J17.4  Finish this statement and explain the logic behind it:  “Intensity of use is determined primarily by intensity of ____________.”  
J17.5  Describe the linkage between what recreation managers do and how the visitor responds in terms of use patterns.  
J17.6  Describe the consequence of managers not recognizing this linkage.  
J17.7  Describe the difference between reactive management and proactive planning.
J17.8  Describe the role that objectives play in the planning process
J17.9  Describe the three direct characteristics of a recreation opportunity (described as inputs on p. 265) 
J17.10  Identify the role that indirect attributes (such as visitor services, resource management, and regulations) play in determining the recreation opportunity of a site.  
J17.11  Describe the effect that changing even a simple indirect attribute could have on a recreation opportunity—provide an example to illustrate such an effect.  
J17.12  Indicate how the stability of a recreation opportunity would be maintained
J17.13  Explain why coordination in planning is usually an important part of any recreation planning endeavor, and describe types of coordination efforts that are typically part of a recreation plan.  
J17.14  Describe what is meant by risk management. 

Jubenville Chapter 12:  Visual Resource Management
J12.1  Describe how much of human perception of landscapes is dependent on sight.
J12.2  Describe what is meant by visual resource management.
J12.3  Explain what ”mitigate” means and how this concept plays out in visual resource management.  Use the word “mitigate” in a sentence related to recreation and resource management.
J12.4  Indicate how individual responses to the landscape can change among individuals based on the following variables:
•	Aesthetic response of the viewer
•	Background of the observer
•	Environment in which observation takes place  
•	Relationship between the observer and the landscape
•	Character of object being observed
J12.5  Describe what managers need to consider when looking at environmental factors as part of the way humans perceive dominant elements.  
J12.6 Describe the basic concepts of visual resource management including characteristic landscape, variety, and deviation.  
J12.7  Describe the difference between the three scales of application in visual resource management: regional, area, and site.  
J12.8  Skip pages 183-193

Jubenville Chapter 18: Hazard Management

J18.1  Describe what is meant by hazard management

J18.2  Describe the difference between hazard management and risk management. 

J18.3  Explain the 4 steps of hazard management
	1. Establish objectives
	2. Identify hazards
	3. Evaluate hazards
	4. Develop management strategy

Jubenville Chapter 2: The Outdoor Recreation Management Model

J2.1  Describe what is meant by outdoor recreation management organization as an “open” system. 

J2.2  Provide examples of external elements (physical, organizational, and political) that affect this open system. 

J2.3  Describe the 3 primary inputs into outdoor recreation management system

J2.4  Describe the role that information and education can play as part of visitor management. 

J2.5  Indicate what is meant by a “needs hierarchy” relating to a person’s recreation experience. 

J2.6  Describe what is meant by the statement “managers must be able to link management action to visitor perception.”

Jubenville Chapter 3: Theoretical Foundations

J3.1  Relate the concepts of supply and demand to the roles of managers and users of resources for recreation.  

J3.2  Describe what the letters ROS mean, and what the continuum does.

J3.3  Clarify the difference between recreation opportunity with recreation experience.

J3.4  Indicate how Clark and Stankey defined the setting for a recreation opportunity. 

J3.5  Describe the three components contained in a recreation opportunity

J3.6  Characterize the supply-related role of the manager in the Recreation Opportunity Spectrum

J3.7  Describe what is meant by social succession and illustrate the concept with a recreation example.  

J3.8  Describe why the concept of carrying capacity is somewhat problematic when applied in recreation settings. 

J3.9 Understand the 4 components carrying capacity as they relate to recreation behavior

J3.10  Describe the components of dynamic equilibrium as they relate to an area’s recreational carrying capacity.

J3.11  Describe the components of a resource allocation process. 

J3.12  Indicate what the letters stand for in “LAC” and describe the dynamic of this management program. 

J3.13  Describe the difference between the use of LAC and the carrying capacity concept for managing  use. 

J3.14  Describe the role that indicators play in the LAC process. 

Jubenville Chapter 4: The Problem Solving Process 

J4.1  Describe how the Jubenville text defines decision making. 

J4.2  The authors of the text describe the process of normative decision theory—describe the components of this theory

J4.3  Describe each component of the problem solving model: 
1.	Definition of the problem
2.	Development of alternative solutions
3.	Evaluate alternatives
4.	Decision making
5.	Implementation

Jubenville Chapter 5: In the Context of Administrative Law

J5.1   Describe administrative law and relate why a recreation manager would need to know about this legal area. 

J5.2   The text indicates that most decisions by recreation managers are “informal decisions.”  Describe what is meant by this categorization, and indicate when a judge might overturn a manager’s decision.  

J5.3  Understand the thrust behind the Checklist for Rational Legal Decision Making as a process. 

Jubenville Chapter 6: Involvement of the Public in Decision Making

J6.1  Describe the overriding concern of Jubenville concerning public participation

J6.2  Characterize the 4 principles of public opinion identified by H. Cantril

J6.3  Understand the components of the flow model of the public involvement process outlined in Figure 6-1 of the Jubenville text. 

J6.4  Describe the various media that can be utilized for public involvement. 
  
J6.5  Characterize Transactive Planning Theory.