Spring 2001 * ENGLISH 110J * Tanaka 

GS AND E/M

DEFINITION COMPARISON 

 

1. NOUN

GS: A noun is the name of a person, place, thing or abstract quality.

E/M: SAME AS GS.

Kim ran. 

2. PRONOUN

A pronoun takes the place of a noun.

E/M: SAME AS GS.

She came. 

3. VERB

GS: A verb tells what the noun is doing. It shows action or a  state of being.

E/M: WORD OR WORDS USED TOP EXPRESS ACTION OR A  STATE OF BEING.

Kim died slowly. 

4. TRANSITIVE VERB

GS: A transitive verb is a verb that takes a direct object.

E/M: SAME AS GS

Kim hit Pat. 

5. INTRANSITIVE VERB

GS: An intransitive verb does not take a direct object.

E/M: AN INTRANSITIVE VERB DOES NOT TAKE A DIRECT  OBJECT. ALL COPULATIVE VERBS ARE INTRANSITIVE. SOME  VERBS FUNCTION TRANSITIVELY AND INTRANSITIVELY.

Kim smiled. 

6. DIRECT OBJECT

GS: A direct object receives the action of the verb of a  sentence.

E/M: WORD THAT RECEIVES THE ACTION OF THE VERB.

Kim hit Pat. 

7. INDIRECT OBJECT

GS: An indirect object receives the direct object.

E/M: NOUN OR PRONOUN REPRESENTING THE PERSON OR  THING WITH REFERENCE TO WHICH THE ACTION OF A VERB IS  PERFORMED.

Kim gave a letter to Pat. 

8. LINKING VERB/COPULATIVE VERB

GS: A linking verb doesn't express an action but a state of  being.

E/M: VERB THAT LINKS A SUBJECT WITH ITS COMPLEMENT.

Two plus two is four. 

9: COMPLEMENT

GS: DOES NOT INCLUDE THE CONCEPT OF COMPLEMENT.

E/M: NOUN OR ADJECTIVE USED TO COMPLETE A COPULATIVE

VERB. ALSO CALLED A 'PREDICATE COMPLEMENT.'

Kim is ill.

Pat is president. 

10. ADJECTIVE

GS: An adjective modifies a noun.

E/M: A WORD THAT MODIFIES A NOUN, PRONOUN OR VERBAL.

Kim is happy. 

11. ARTICLE

GS: The word 'a' or 'the' that modifies a noun.

E/M: SAME AS GS

The girl is happy.  

12. ADVERB

GS: An adverb modifies a verb, adjective or another adverb.

E/M: WORD OR WORDS USED TO MODIFY A VERB, VERBAL,  ADJECTIVE, ADVERB OR ENTIRE CLAUSE OR SENTENCE.

Kim ran slowly. 

13. PREPOSITION

GS: A word showing a relationship of time or space.

E/M: A WORD THAT CONVEYS A MEANING OF POSITION,  DIRECTION, TIME, OR OTHER ABSTRACTION.

Kim ran to school. 

14. CASE

GS: The category that describes the function of a pronoun.

E/M: THE FORM OF A NOUN OR PRONOUN THAT SHOWS  FUNCTION. THE THREE CASES ARE SUBJECTIVE, POSSESSIVE  AND OBJECTIVE.

Whom did you see?

Who is there? 

15. EXPLETIVE (E/M does not mention expletives.)

GS: (138) A word used as filler or exclamation.

Yuk!

It is cold out. <-- This is an important example. 

16. INTERJECTION

G/S: (139) An introductory word, used to show emphasis. (35)  Provide emphasis or filler. There are no rules to worry about.

E/M: EJACULATORY WORD OR statement.

Yuk!

No rules apply! 

17. SUBJECT <65> F

GS: The noun doing the action of a sentence.

E/M: ELEMENT IN A SENTENCE PERFORMING THE ACTION  INDICATED BY AN ACTIVE VERB; ELEMENT IN A SENTENCE

RECEIVING THE ACTION OF A PASSIVE VERB.

Kim hit Pat.

Kim is cold. 

18. PREDICATE

GS: The predicate is everything else in a sentence other than  the subject. (Or, <65> the part of the sentence that says  something  about the subject.)

E/M: THE VERB WITH ITS MODIFIERS, COMPLEMENT, DIRECT

AND INDIRECT OBJECT.

GS: Although Kim was on time, Pat still hit her.

E/M: Although Kim was on time, Pat still hit her. 

19. PHRASE

GS: A group of words without a subject and a verb.

E/M: SAME. But on (9): A LOGICAL GROUPING OF WORDS THAT  DOES NOT CONTAIN A SUBJECT OR A VERB.

After coming to town, Kim hit Pat.

Kim doesn't hit on Tuesday. 

20. VERBAL

GS: A word that looks like a verb but acts as a noun, adjective  or adverb.

E/M: A WORD DERIVED FROM A VERB BUT FUNCTIONING AS A  NOUN OR MODIFIER.

Hitting is fun.

To hit is fun.

A broken arm hurts. 

21. GERUND

GS: The -ing form of the verb used as a noun.

E/M: SAME AS GS.

Hitting is fun. 

22. INFINITIVE (verbal)

GS: The to-form of the verb used as a noun, adjective or  adverbial.

E/M: SAME AS GS.

Pam likes to hit. 

23. PARTICIPLE (verbal)

GS: The -ed or -ing form of the verb used an adjective.

E/M: SAME AS GS.

Pat blamed Kim for her broken arm.

After hitting Pat with a hammer, Kim ran away. 

24. CLAUSE

GS: A group of words that contains a subject and predicate.

E/M: A GROUP OF WORDS THAT CONTAINS A SUBJECT AND

VERB.

Kim hit Pat. 

25. DEPENDENT CLAUSE/SUBORDINATE CLAUSE

GS: A clause that cannot stand alone.

E/M: SENTENCE ELEMENT CONSISTING OF A SUBJECT AND  PREDICATE FUNCTIONING AS A NOUN OR MODIFIER. IT  CANNOT STAND ALONE IN A SENTENCE.

After she hit Pat, Kim ran away. 

26. RELATIVE CLAUSE

GS: A dependent clause introduced by a relative pronoun.

E/M: A SUBORDINATE CLAUSE INTRODUCED BY A RELATIVE  PRONOUN. (We can derive this definition from other  E/M  definitions.)

Pat, who was always being hit by Kim, plotted revenge. 

27. VOICE

G/S: use of the verb so that the subject acts directly, as  opposed to the passive voice.

E/M: CHARACTERISTIC OF VERBS THAT DIFFERENTIATES  BETWEEN THE SUBJECT AS PERFORMER OF THE ACTION OF THE  VERB (ACTIVE) AND THE SUBJECT AS RECEIVER OF THE ACTION  OF THE VERB (PASSIVE).

Pat hit Kim. (Active)

Kim was hit by Pat. (Passive)