Context of Attack on Pearl Harbor: 7 December 1941

Japanese invasion of Manchuria: Isolationist policy of U.S.

Roosevelt wanted U.S. involved in War in Europe

U.S.= world’s leading oil exporter

Put oil embargo on Japan because of Manchuria invasion

Korean immigration, 1902-1905

“Land of the morning calm” vs. Invasions and Wars

Pre-Confucian Korea, women, property, public office

Hangul (alphabet),  yangban (ruling class)

Policy of Isolation, Hermit Kingdom

Korea’s warship: “Turtle” ship (Kobukson)

 

Japan’s “Gunboat Diplomacy” & Treat of Kanghwa (1876)

1882 Gunboat Diplomacy: Admiral Robert W. Shufeldt signed treaty

 

Horace N. Allen, Missionary, banker, saved King Kojang’s relative

Hawaiian Sugar plantation Association (HSPA), David Deshler

1902-1905: 7000 immigrants

-Bad working conditions

-Japanese territory protected Japanese workers in Hawaii

Korean immigration to Hawaii and California

-Role of Korean Churches

Port of SF

-Ahn Ch’ang Hoe, Friendship Society 1903

-Korean National Association, 1909

-KNA moves to LA, 1937

 

Context of Vietnam War and military industry: Supplies and military bases

Heavy/ Chemical Industry Drive: 1907s

President Park Chung Hee’s rapid modernization and economic plan

-Large outmigration from Korea to LA

LA Koreatown: 1992 LA riots (Rodney King Verdict), Soon Ja Do

Korean Americans seen as “middle-men” and blamed by African Americans

SF Bay Area=Oakland: telegraph and McArthur BART

 

Ancient Greek “Diaspeirein”

Two Perspectives:

-China-centered (Huang Jianchun) vs. America-centered (Sucheng Chan)

Transnational Families, Homes and villages

Jewish, Armenian Diaspora (“genocidal attack (by Turkey)), African Diaspora

Two Competing Concepts: Diaspora as Exile vs. Diaspora as Diversity (Hall)

Wang Gungwu (1991): Division of Chinese Migration

-Huashang: Trader/Merchant

-Huagong: Coolie

-Huaquiao: Sojourner

-Huayi: Chinese descent

 

Migration Process:

-Surplus of Labor

-Labor recruitment

-Credit-ticket= networks and organization

Transnational: Simultaneously embedded in more than one society

Transnational Networks

Diasporic Nationalism vs. Ethnic Chinese

-Disaporic nationalism (Identify with China/Chinese) vs. Becoming “Ethnic Chinese”

 

- Prato, Italy: Migration of workers from southern states to northern Italy ceased (1980s), labor vacuum, Chinese workers fill vacuum

Economic sector

-Garment industry (including leather): ready-to-wear garments, leather bags and shoes, woolen sweaters

-Small businesses: Chinese owners and workers worked in small shops

Chinese in Netherlands, Germany and UK=restaurant/catering

Chinese = mostly from Zhejiang Province

Residenti vs. Permesso di Soggiorno

Amnesty in Italy vs. US

Guarantee System of Law

3 Immigrant labor sectors: Industrial districts, domestic service, agriculture/tourism

Lago di Como, Italian Alps

Migration:

4 Key Institutions: nation-state, Family, labor market, migrant communities

Filipinos & Roman Catholic Church

Filipino domestic servants in Rome:

-Gender imbalance in Rome (70% female)

-95% domestic service

Filipinos who are “TnT”

Research methods: macro level of analysis, intermediate level, subject level

Role of “travel agencies” in migration

Pres. Marcos 1974 “Manpower” program